Recently, LIGC application limited launched the anti-viral and reusable microporous graphene masks [173]. and polymeric nanoparticles, nanocages and nanobubbles demonstrate opportunities to develop anti-viral nanomedicine. In order to prevent and mitigate the viral spread, high-performance charged nanofiber filters, aerosol covering of nanomaterials on surfaces, novel Flecainide acetate materials for PPE packages and facemasks have been developed that accomplish over 90% capture of airborne SARS-CoV-2. Nano polymer-based disinfectants are becoming tested to make smart-transport for human being activities. Despite the promises of this toolbox, challenges in terms of reproducibility, specificity, effectiveness and emergence of fresh Flecainide acetate SARS-CoV-2 variants are yet to conquer. and other human being adenoviruses through antigen-detection packages and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Hence, the authors performed metagenomic RNA sequencing of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and using Illumins MiniSeq. The complete viral genome further led to identifying a novel RNA disease that which was later designated as Rabbit Polyclonal to OR2Z1 SARS-CoV-2. More insights into genomic epidemiology, analysis of structural variants and mutation rate, and identification of transmission clusters have been made possible by the revolutionary Oxford Nanopore direct RNA-sequencing (DRS) platform based on solitary molecule detection RNA. The targeted amplification of the viral genome with multiplexed feature ensures a full consensus sequence in ~7?h [[13], [14], [15]]. The platform also presents excellent opportunities to investigate epi-transcriptomic features of the viral RNA. DNA nanoball sequencing exposed the complex transcriptome of the virus, due to the discontinuous transcription events. It was understood that SARS-CoV-2 generates canonical genomic and subgenomic RNAs, unique transcripts through events of fusion, deletion, and frameshift mutations. Through nanopore DRS, 41 RNA changes sites were reported on viral transcripts with AAGAA as the most frequent motif [16]. In 2005, Atomic push microscopy (AFM) was utilized by Lin et al. [17] to decipher the surface nanostructures of SARS-CoV. This study demonstrated the solitary crown-like viral particle’s quantitative measurements, 15 spherical spikes of 7.29??0.73?nm diameter and the overall ultrastructure. The 3D-QSAR approach in nano-QSAR was utilized in elucidating the pharmacophore of SARS-CoV 3C like protease, which was found to be a good anti-SARS drug target [18]. SARS-CoV-2 focuses on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the surface of airway epithelial cells, alveolar and vascular epithelial cells and lung macrophages through its spike glycoprotein (S). TMPRSS2, cellular serine protease is definitely observed to process the S protein and eventually contribute to the viral access. This induces a chain of events resulting in an inflammatory trend of cell death called pyroptosis. The destruction of pulmonary cells triggers an innate immune response including macrophages and monocytes, which release an array of cytokines. In severe cases, due to a dysfunctional immune system, a massive cytokine storm mediates a significant lung inflammation, hyaluronan formation and pulmonary edema. The ripple effect of this event triggers a multi-organ failure [19]. 3.?The triune of nanotechnology against SARS-CoV-2 Despite the progress made in mitigating SARS-CoV-2, significant challenges remain in translating the viral pathogenesis and biomedical know-how into clinically relevant disease management tools. While a cure or vaccine is usually underway, the triune of nanotechnology in detection, therapeutics, and protection and mitigation herald significant means to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 saga (Fig. 1 ). Open in a separate windows Fig. 1 The triune of nano-tool box against SARS-CoV-2. 3.1. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 For an early prognosis against COVID-19, it is necessary to diagnose and detect the infection of SARS-CoV-2 early. Nanobiosensors, cytokine sensors, breath sensors, saliva sensors, advanced spectroscopy tools and nanotechnology-based -quick diagnostic testing can provide point-of-care and precise detection of the viral weight even in its early phase [20]. 3.2. Therapeutics and vaccine development Therapeutics and vaccines are the backbone of any medical care. Anti-viral nanomaterials, hybrid nanomaterials with targeted anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities, photodynamic therapies (PDT), molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) technology can act as an acceptable and practical substitute to standard therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Though trials are still underway to develop potent therapeutics, the role of nanoparticles as an anti-viral agent Flecainide acetate itself or as a carrier for anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics cannot be neglected. Similarly, nano-carriers are playing a vital role in the delivery of cargo components of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Recently, three vaccines developed by Pfizer-Biontech, Moderna and Oxford-Astra-Zeneca have been approved for human.